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in the names of Muslim holidays (Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, etc.)
yet more proper names taken from other languages, e.g: Rotweiller, Cassiopeia
Prefixes de- or re- before words starting with i (deindustrialize, reignite, etc.)
Chemical names ending in -ein or -eine (caffeine, casein, codeine, phthalein, protein, etc.) Here -ein(e) was originally pronounced /iː.ɪn/
yet other loanwords apart from the proper names, e.g., abseil, dreidel, kaleidoscope, stein, leitmotiv (German), reveille, nonpareil, peignoir (French), geisha (Japanese), sheikh (Arabic)
Inflection -ing of those verbs with roots ending in e which do not drop the e (being, seeing, swingeing, etc.)
other /eɪ/ FACE sounding words: veil (and derivatives unveil, surveil, etc), vein, rein, heinous, beige, feint, skein, inveigle, obeisance
Scottish English words (deil, deid, weill, etc.)
The larger categories, above, inform the stricter forms of the I before E rule: excluding all those with the /eɪ/ FACE sound, or excluding anything that does NOT have the /iː/ FLEECE sound. With either of these additional restrictions, the I before E rule has far fewer exceptions. Even with the strictest form, however, miscellaneous words still break the rule, and some even fall outside of this lengthy list of categories. Some of these exceptions are listed below.
[edit] ei exceptions by sound
In the list which follows, most derived forms are omitted; for example, as well as seize, there exist disseize and seizure. Words are grouped by the phonemes (sounds) corresponding to ei or eir in the spelling; each phoneme each represented phonetically as at pedia:IPA for English and, where applicable, by the keyword in John C. Wells' lexical sets.
An asterisk* after a word indicates the pronunciation implied is one of several found. Some have an /iː/ variant more common in America than Britain (e.g. sheikh, leisure, either have /eɪ/, /ɛ/, /aɪ/ respectively). In these cases, the British pronunciation is a corollary of the British "long e" rule (i.e., when spelt ei, the pronunciation cannot be /iː/).
-
- /eɪ/ FACE
- these exceptions are excluded by the American version: abseil, beige, cleidoic, deign, dreidel, eight, feign, feint, freight, geisha, gleization, greige, greisen, heigh-ho*, heinous*, inveigh, inveigle*, neigh, neighbo(u)r, nonpareil*, obeisance*, peignoir*, reign, rein, seiche, seidel, seine, sheikh*, skein, sleigh, surveillance, veil, vein, weigh. (This sound is never spelled ie,[25] except perhaps in lingerie).
- /ɛər/ SQUARE
- these exceptions are excluded by the American version: heir, their. (This sound is never spelled ier)
- /iː/ FLEECE
- these exceptions are the only ones that slip through the strictest interpretation of the British version: either*, heinous*, inveigle*, keister, leisure*, monteith, neither*, obeisance*, seize, seizin, sheikh*, teiid (see also the chemical names such as caffeine listed above).
- /ɪər/ NEAR
- these exceptions may slip through the British version: weir, weird. (This sound may also be spelled ier, as in pierce.)
- /aɪ/ PRICE
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r, seismic, seismograph, stein, zeitgeist. This sound may also be spelled ie, but only at the end of a morpheme as in die, pie, lie, fie, cried.[26]
/ɨ/ (see weak-vowel merger)
counterfeit, foreign, forfeit, reveille*, sovereign, surfeit
/ɛ/ DRESS
heifer, leisure*, nonpareil*, peignoir*. (This sound may also be spelled ie, as in friend.)
/æ/ TRAP
reveille*
e and i in separate segments
albeit, atheism, deify, deity, herein, onomatopoeia
[edit] Allusions
The rhyme is mentioned in several films and TV episodes about spelling bees, including A Boy Named Charlie Brown, The Simpsons episode "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can", and an episode of Arthur.
I Before E (Except After C): Old-School Ways To Remember Stuff was a miscellany released in the UK for the Christmas 2007 "stocking filler" market,[27] which sold well.[28]
"I Before E Except After C" is a song on Yazoo's 1982 album Upstairs at Eric's. The Jackson 5's 1970 hit "ABC" has the lyric "I before E except after C". "I before E except after C" was a 1963 episode of the TV series East Side/West Side.
I Before E is the name of both a short-story collection by Sam Kieth and a music album by Carissa's Wierd, in each case alluding to the unusual spelling of the creator's name.
Until the 1930s, Pierce City, Missouri was named "Peirce City", after Andrew Peirce. A 1982 attempt to revert to the original spelling was rejected by the United States Census Bureau.[29]
[edit] References